| Taxa: |
| Order: |
| Family: |
| Aves |
| Passeriformes |
| Turdidae |
| NatureServe Global Rank: |
| NatureServe State (NC) Rank: |
| G5 |
| S1B,S5N |
| Federal Status: |
| NC State Status: |
| --- |
| SR |
| Land Unit |
| US Fish & Wildlife Service |
| US Forest Service |
| US National Park Service |
| US Department of Defense |
| NC State Parks |
| NC University System |
| NC Wildlife Res. Com. |
| NC Forest Service |
| NC Div. of Coastal Mgmt. |
| Local Governments |
| Non-Governmental Org. |
| Other Public Lands |
| Private Lands |
| GAP Status 1-2 |
| All Protected Lands |
| Statewide |
| Hectares |
| 0.00 |
| 2,796.03 |
| 0.00 |
| 7,360.02 |
| 438.12 |
| 0.00 |
| 0.99 |
| 0.00 |
| 0.00 |
| 280.26 |
| 664.74 |
| 0.00 |
| 978.12 |
| 8,894.52 |
| 11,540.16 |
| 12,518.28 |
| Acres |
| 0.00 |
| 6,909.14 |
| 0.00 |
| 18,187.00 |
| 1,082.62 |
| 0.00 |
| 2.45 |
| 0.00 |
| 0.00 |
| 692.54 |
| 1,642.61 |
| 0.00 |
| 2,416.99 |
| 21,978.83 |
| 28,516.35 |
| 30,933.34 |
| % of Dist. on |
| Prot. Lands |
| 0.0 % |
| 24.2 % |
| 0.0 % |
| 63.8 % |
| 3.8 % |
| 0.0 % |
| < 0.1 % |
| 0.0 % |
| 0.0 % |
| 5.8 % |
| 5.8 % |
| 0.0 % |
| 0.0 % |
| 77.1 % |
| ----- |
| ----- |
| % of Dist. on |
| All Lands |
| 0.0 % |
| 22.3 % |
| 0.0 % |
| 58.8 % |
| 3.5 % |
| 0.0 % |
| < 0.1 % |
| 0.0 % |
| 0.0 % |
| 2.2 % |
| 5.3 % |
| 0.0 % |
| 7.8 % |
| 71.1 % |
| ----- |
| ----- |
|
Local and uncommon in the spruce-fir zone of the mountains (Simpson 1992). Associated with edgelike areas in damp or dry coniferous or mixed forests, with stands of dense young, mixed growth, such as occur on lakeshores, in burned areas, or in powerline cuts. High canopy cover and the presence of snags may also be important factors (Nicholson 1997). Found locally in the spruce-fir zone (Simpson 1992). Nest is built on the ground beneath a small tree, shrub, or fern (Harrison 1975), and concealed by overhanging branches. Forages in trees (Kaufman 1996) and on the ground (Ehrlich et al. 1988). NATURE SERVE GLOBAL HABITAT COMMENTS: Open humid coniferous and mixed forest and forest edge, dry sandy and sparse jackpine, less frequently in deciduous forest and thickets; in migration and winter also chaparral, riparian woodland, arid pine-oak, desert scrub. Negatively impacted by forest fragmentation in southern Wyoming (Keller and Anderson 1992). Associated with large (>24 ha) aspen groves in Saskatchewan (Johns 1993). Nests usually on ground under conifer with low branches or hidden by low plants, or in low conifer or other tree or bush within 3 m of ground. |
| Code | Name | Description | NC Natural Heritage Program Equivalent |
| 521 | Spruce/Fir Forest | High Elevation Frazer-Fir - Red Spruce, Red Spruce and Red-Spruce-Yellow Birch Forests. Tree densities included here include both woodland to forest density. Highly intermixed with Northern Hardwoods, Grassy Balds, and Shrub Balds. | Red Spruce--Fraser Fir Forest, Fraser Fir Forest |
|
Johns, B. W. 1993. The influence of grove size on bird species richness in aspen parklands. Wilson Bull. 105:256-264.
Bent, A. C. 1949. Life histories of North American thrushes, kinglets, and their allies. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.196. 452 pp., 51 pls. Simpson MB Jr. 1992. Birds of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press. Keller, M. E., and S. H. Anderson. 1992. Avian use of habitat configurations created by forest cutting in southeastern Wyoming. Condor 94:55-65. Kaufman K. 1996. Lives of North American Birds. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. Nicholson CP. 1997. Atlas of the breeding birds of Tennessee. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. Harrison, H.H. 1975. A field guide to bird's nests in the U.S. east of the Mississippi River. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 257 p. Harrison, C. 1978. A field guide to the nests, eggs and nestlings of North American birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio. Harrison, H.H. 1979. A field guide to western birds' nests. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 279 pp. Terres, J.K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU), Committee on Classification and Nomenclature. 1983. Check-list of North American Birds. Sixth Edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. Ehrlich, P.R., D.S. Dobkin, and D. Wheye. 1988. The birder's handbook:a field guide to the natural history of North American birds. Simon and Shuster, Inc., New York. xxx + 785 pp. |
For more information please contact them at:
NC-GAP Analysis Project
Dept. of Zoology, NCSU
Campus Box 7617
Raleigh, NC 27695-7617
(919) 513-2853
www.basic.ncsu.edu/ncgap